ÿþ<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <head> <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document> <meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 12"> <meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 12"> <link rel=File-List href="research_files/filelist.xml"> <link rel=Edit-Time-Data href="research_files/editdata.mso"> <!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--> <title>Research</title> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Author>ein</o:Author> <o:Template>Normal</o:Template> <o:LastAuthor>ein</o:LastAuthor> <o:Revision>2</o:Revision> <o:TotalTime>702</o:TotalTime> <o:Created>2011-07-28T02:48:00Z</o:Created> <o:LastSaved>2011-07-28T14:30:00Z</o:LastSaved> <o:Pages>4</o:Pages> <o:Words>1013</o:Words> <o:Characters>5776</o:Characters> <o:Lines>48</o:Lines> <o:Paragraphs>13</o:Paragraphs> <o:CharactersWithSpaces>6776</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:Version>12.00</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> </xml><![endif]--> <link rel=themeData href="research_files/themedata.thmx"> <link rel=colorSchemeMapping href="research_files/colorschememapping.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>ZH-TW</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> <w:UseFELayout/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="&#45;-"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="267"> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:°e0}fÔš; panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:PMingLiU; mso-font-charset:136; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611969 684719354 22 0 1048577 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:1; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;} @font-face {font-family:Tahoma; panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:swiss; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-520081665 -1073717157 41 0 66047 0;} @font-face {font-family:"\@°e0}fÔš"; panose-1:2 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:136; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610611969 684719354 22 0 1048577 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:°e0}fÔš; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; color:white;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; color:purple; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} p {mso-style-priority:99; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:°e0}fÔš; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; color:white;} p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate {mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-link:"Balloon Text Char"; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:°e0}fÔš; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; color:white;} p.lg, li.lg, div.lg {mso-style-name:lg; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:°e0}fÔš; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; color:#888888;} span.BalloonTextChar {mso-style-name:"Balloon Text Char"; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Balloon Text"; mso-ansi-font-size:8.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt; font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Tahoma; mso-fareast-font-family:°e0}fÔš; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family:Tahoma; color:white;} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family:°e0}fÔš;} @page WordSection1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} </style> <![endif]--> <meta http-equiv=Content-Language content=en-us> <script language="JavaScript"> <!-- function FP_preloadImgs() {//v1.0 var d=document,a=arguments; if(!d.FP_imgs) d.FP_imgs=new Array(); for(var i=0; i<a.length; i++) { d.FP_imgs[i]=new Image; d.FP_imgs[i].src=a[i]; } } function FP_swapImg() {//v1.0 var doc=document,args=arguments,elm,n; doc.$imgSwaps=new Array(); for(n=2; n<args.length; n+=2) { elm=FP_getObjectByID(args[n]); if(elm) { doc.$imgSwaps[doc.$imgSwaps.length]=elm; elm.$src=elm.src; elm.src=args[n+1]; } } } function FP_getObjectByID(id,o) {//v1.0 var c,el,els,f,m,n; if(!o)o=document; if(o.getElementById) el=o.getElementById(id); else if(o.layers) c=o.layers; else if(o.all) el=o.all[id]; if(el) return el; if(o.id==id || o.name==id) return o; if(o.childNodes) c=o.childNodes; if(c) for(n=0; n<c.length; n++) { el=FP_getObjectByID(id,c[n]); if(el) return el; } f=o.forms; if(f) for(n=0; n<f.length; n++) { els=f[n].elements; for(m=0; m<els.length; m++){ el=FP_getObjectByID(id,els[n]); if(el) return el; } } return null; } // --> </script> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <!--[if gte mso 9]> <xml><o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/> </xml><![endif]--> </head> <body bgcolor=black lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:.5in' onload="FP_preloadImgs(/*url*/'buttonF.gif',/*url*/'buttonE.gif',/*url*/'buttonA1.gif',/*url*/'button83.gif',/*url*/'button84.gif',/*url*/'buttonF2.gif',/*url*/'button86.gif',/*url*/'button85.gif',/*url*/'button88.gif',/*url*/'button87.gif',/*url*/'button1D6.gif',/*url*/'button1C6.gif',/*url*/'button102.gif',/*url*/'button2A1.gif',/*url*/'button106.gif',/*url*/'button105.gif')"> <div class=WordSection1> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=848 style='width:636.0pt;mso-cellspacing:0in;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in'> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'> <td width=848 style='width:636.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-no-proof:yes'><img width=848 height=109 id="_x0000_i1050" src="images/research.jpg"></span><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'> <td width=848 style='width:636.0pt;background:#333333;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><a href="index.html"><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'><img border=0 width=80 height=16 id="_x0000_i1049" src=button91.gif alt=Home></span></a><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>|</span><a href="research.htm"><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><img border=0 width=80 height=16 id="_x0000_i1048" src=button103.gif alt=Research></span></a><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>|</span><a href="people.htm"><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><img border=0 width=80 height=16 id="_x0000_i1047" src=buttonE2.gif alt=People></span></a><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>|</span><a href="facility.htm"><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><img border=0 width=80 height=16 id="_x0000_i1046" src=button92.gif alt=Facility></span></a><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>|</span><a href="Resources.htm"><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration: none;text-underline:none'><img border=0 width=80 height=16 id="_x0000_i1045" src=button93.gif alt=Resources></span></a><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>|</span><a href="contact.htm"><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><img border=0 width=80 height=16 id="_x0000_i1044" src=button1B4.gif alt=Contact></span></a><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>|</span><a href="Courses.htm"><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes;text-decoration:none;text-underline:none'><img border=0 width=80 height=16 id="_x0000_i1043" src=button107.gif alt=Courses></span></a><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'> <td width=848 style='width:636.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><br> &nbsp;<o:p></o:p></span></p> <div align=center> <table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=5 cellpadding=0 style='width:76%;mso-cellspacing:3.7pt;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt' id=table5> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:#FFCC00'>Mechanical circuits in single cells</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=1 width="100%" noshade style='color:#333333' align=center> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:#FFCC00'>Long-range mechanical force in tissue self-assembly</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=1 width="100%" noshade style='color:#333333' align=center> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:#FFCC00'>Scaffold-free self-assembly of tissues, through both experimental and modeling approaches</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=1 width="100%" noshade style='color:#333333' align=center> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#FFCC00'>Plane-projection multi-photon microscopy</span></b><span style='mso-fareast-font-family: °e0}fÔš'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=1 width="100%" noshade style='color:#333333' align=center> </span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#FFCC00'>The mechanism for spontaneous cell polarization and migration</span></b><o:p></o:p></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Eukaryote cells can spontaneously polarize and migration. Spontaneous migration also plays an important role in immune response and cancer cell metastasis. Using the mating process of budding yeast and the epithelial cells as model systems, we are studying how the dynamics of cytoskeleton involve in these processes</span><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Arial"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1032" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:431.25pt; height:129pt;float:left'> <v:imagedata src="research_files/image001.emz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=575 height=172 src="research_files/image002.gif" align=left v:shapes="_x0000_s1032"><![endif]></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:silver'>Figure:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";color:silver'> Using Cdc10-YFP as the polarity marker, we showed that budding yeast cells create an internal flux before spontaneous polarization. Time is in hours and minutes. Scale bar: 5 </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:silver'>m</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:silver'>m</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=1 width="100%" noshade style='color:#333333' align=center> </span></div> <p align=center style='text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#FFCC00'>The spontaneous patterns and intermediate states in cell morphogenesis</span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>One long-standing challenge in biomedicine is to understand how the individual cells control their differentiation and assembly in tissue development and regeneration as a function of space and time.<b> </b>While most research efforts to date have been focused on either the initial or the final state of tissue morphogenesis, we are interested in the development and transition of the intermediate states, as well as how they regulate the development of the entire system. We use optical characterization, biochemical perturbation, and mathematical modeling to quantify these states. Unraveling the dynamics and control mechanisms of intermediate morphogenetic patterns will advance the understanding of fundamental developmental biology, prevent abnormality and cancer formation, and improve tissue engineering for regenerative medicine.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:429.75pt;height:167.25pt; mso-position-vertical:bottom;float:left'> <v:imagedata src="research_files/image003.emz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=573 height=223 src="research_files/image004.gif" align=left v:shapes="_x0000_s1033"><![endif]></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:16'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:silver'>Figure:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:silver'> A) Schematic phase diagram for the distribution of single-cell morphologies. B, C) The intermediate morphogenetic patterns at multi-cell level. D) Model to explain how single cell pattern formation facilitates tissue assembly. E) Zoomed window in D).</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:17'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=1 width="100%" noshade style='color:#333333' align=center> </span></div> <p align=center style='text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:18'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#FFCC00'>Nonlinear optical modality for the study of membrane dynamics</span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:19'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Mammalian cells dynamically interact with the surrounding microenvironments through the surface molecules. Thus, it is important to detect the subtle changes of the membranes, thereby understanding how the membrane dynamics lead to the profoundly different classes of differentiation behavior and enable a cell to acquire the robustness as well as longevity engendered through tissue formation.&nbsp; However, membranes are continuous sheets and the image signal contains the information of the inter-membrane distances, as well as the membrane positions, orientations, and local topographic variations. Segregating these data from one another has been extremely challenging. Using non-interferometric optical profilometry (NIOP) and high harmonic generation (HHG) optical modality, we are trying to develop a technique to visualize the 3-d membrane dynamics. This is an international collaboration with Prof. Shi-Wei Chu at National Taiwan University, Physics, and Prof. Chau-Hwang Lee at Academia Sinica, Taiwan, Applied Sciences.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:20'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: Times New Roman"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1034" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:426.75pt;height:213pt;float:left'> <v:imagedata src="research_files/image005.emz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=569 height=284 src="research_files/image006.gif" align=left v:shapes="_x0000_s1034"><![endif]></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:21'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:silver'>Figure 1:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:silver'> The schematics of how intracellular signaling and cytoskeleton dynamics are regulated in response to epithelial cell-cell adhesion and apicobasal polarity formation.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:22'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1035" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="" style='width:6in;height:201pt;float:left'> <v:imagedata src="research_files/image007.emz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=576 height=268 src="research_files/image008.gif" align=left v:shapes="_x0000_s1035"><![endif]></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:23'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><b><span style='font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:silver'>Figure 2:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:silver'> The z-series of cell membrane images obtained from living epithelium through multi-photon excitation. Red arrows indicate lateral and the yellow arrow indicate the apical domain. This series indicates the difficulty to discriminate each membrane domains from one another, each of which is responsible for different biological process. The z-plane number is indicated from 1 to 15 with a step size of 500 nm. </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:24'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: Arial"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1036" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:398.25pt;height:307.5pt;float:left'> <v:imagedata src="research_files/image009.png" o:title="NIHProposal5"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=531 height=410 src="research_files/image010.jpg" align=left v:shapes="_x0000_s1036"><![endif]></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:25'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:silver'>Figure 3: The schematics of our NIOP-HHG system.</span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:26'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=1 width="100%" noshade style='color:#333333' align=center> </span></div> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:27'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#FFCC00'>Nonlinear optical modality for the study of cytoskeletal dynamics</span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:28'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:6.0pt; text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><span style='font-size: 11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Through interaction with the surrounding microenvironments, mammalian cells reorganize their cytoskeleton and signaling activities for proper tissue development and homeostasis. However, current understanding of cytoskeleton dynamics is mainly contributed from in vitro tissue culture on 2-dimensional platforms. The study of <i>in vivo</i> cytoskeleton dynamics has been extremely challenging. Using HHG and optical modality, we are trying to develop a technique to visualize the filamentous structure of cytoskeleton <i>in vivo</i>. This is in collaboration with Prof. Colin Jamora at UCSD, Biology.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:29'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: Arial"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1037" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:427.5pt;height:135pt;float:left'> <v:imagedata src="research_files/image011.emz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=570 height=180 src="research_files/image012.gif" align=left v:shapes="_x0000_s1037"><![endif]></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:30'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:silver'>Figure:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";color:silver'> The z-series of microtubule images obtained from the tissue sample (upper panel) and cell culture (lower panel) through multiple photon excitation. While the <i>in vitro</i> sample shows clear formation and distinct separation of microtubules (yellow arrows), the filamentous structure of microtubule is not clear in the tissue sample (red arrows). The z-plane number is indicated from 1 to 5 with a step size of 500 nm.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:31'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=1 width="100%" noshade style='color:#333333' align=center> </span></div> <p align=center style='text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:32'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#FFCC00'>The morphogenetic patterns in the pseudo 3-dimensional microenvironments</span></b></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:33'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>Mammalian cells are mostly living in 3-dimensional environments, where their behavior can be totally different from 2-d platforms. However, the understanding of how cells behave in 3-d microenvironment is limited. Collaborating with Prof. Poling Kuo at National Taiwan University, Electrical Engineering and Medicine, we are fabricating a series of microenvironments by which cells encounter an intermediate matrix dimensionality and surface topology between 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional matrix environments.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:34'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: Arial"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1038" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:467.25pt;height:83.25pt;float:left'> <v:imagedata src="research_files/image013.emz" o:title=""/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=623 height=111 src="research_files/image014.gif" align=left v:shapes="_x0000_s1038"><![endif]></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:35'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:silver'>Figure: </span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; color:silver'>A) Fabricated pseudo 3-d islands and trenches. Cells preferentially migrate to B) the edges or C) corners of the trenches. Size of trench width in B) and C): 20 </span><span style='font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Symbol;color:silver'>m</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:silver'>m.</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:36;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td style='padding:3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt 3.75pt'> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=1 width="100%" noshade style='color:#333333' align=center> </span></div> <p align=center style='text-align:center'>&nbsp;</p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'> <hr size=1 width="100%" noshade style='color:#333333' align=center> </span></div> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"'>&nbsp;</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:silver'>California Institute of Technology © Last update: </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:°e0}fÔš;color:silver'><!-- #BeginDate format:Am1 -->July 28</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:silver'>, 20</span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: °e0}fÔš;color:silver'>11</span><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:°e0}fÔš'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'> <td width=848 style='width:636.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-no-proof:yes'><img border=0 width=848 height=32 id="_x0000_i1035" src="images/tblbtm.gif"></span><span style='font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:windowtext'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> </div> </body> </html>